Honoring Retirees: Legal and Ethical Considerations
Randy Riddle is a partner with Renne Sloan Holtzman Sakai LLP, a law firm that represents public entities almost exclusively and has offices in San Francisco and Sacramento. He can be reached at rriddle@rshslaw.com. This column is a service of the Institute for Local Government’s Ethics Project, which offers resources on public service ethics for local officials. For more information, visit www.ca-ilg.org/trust.
QUESTION
Our planning director of 13 years will be retiring soon. He is a lifelong resident of our community and has a total of 34 years of public service locally. In addition to his public service, he has contributed significantly to the community through his involvement with numerous local nonprofit organizations. Several elected officials are interested in having our agency contribute toward a retirement party to celebrate and honor his public service. In addition, numerous local businesses, nonprofits and local officials and employees have expressed their wish to contribute to the event. What rules govern this situation?
ANSWER
It’s important to recognize and honor those who have dedicated their careers to public service, often foregoing more lucrative opportunities in the private sector. The issue is not whether to honor public service, but how — and there are a number of legal and ethical issues to consider.
Expenditures of Public Resources And the Law
The California Constitution prohibits local agencies from making gifts of public funds for private purposes.1 The key issue in evaluating any expenditure of public resources is whether the expenditure serves a public purpose.
Court decisions make clear that determining whether a particular expenditure constitutes a public purpose is primarily a matter for the agency’s legislative body to decide. A court will not second-guess a public agency’s exercise of discretion in this area as long as its determination of public purpose has a reasonable basis.2
State law contains similar restrictions: Public resources may not be used for personal purpose or any other purpose not authorized by law.3 Under this law, “personal purpose” means activities that are for personal enjoyment or not related to the public’s business.4
Although the courts have not yet analyzed the retirement celebration issue, an interpretation similar to the constitutional gift prohibition seems likely. If the agency’s governing body has determined that a particular expenditure or use of public resources serves a public purpose, that determination would be given substantial deference by a court.
So what does this mean? The safest approach is for the governing body to approve spending to honor public service, making specific findings about the public purposes served by such recognition.5 This express approval is particularly important if the amount of public funds involved is significant. A sample resolution is available at www.ca-ilg.org/honoringpublicservice.
Assuming the governing body approves the retirement party expenditure, would a court uphold that expenditure if it were challenged? The odds are good that a court would defer to elected officials’ determination that an expenditure serves a public purpose as long as there is a reasonable basis for that legislative judgment.6
Considering Public Perception and Other Ethical Issues
Making sure that a particular expense is legal is the first, not the last, of the issues that must be considered in planning a retirement event. An agency must still determine whether using funds for this purpose is consistent with its own fiscal stewardship standards, taking into account competing uses for the money and public perception. This inquiry includes consideration of the nature and amount of money involved, as well as fairness considerations in making sure that long-serving employees are recognized in an equitable, considered manner.
Particularly in today’s troubled economic times, it is important to recognize that the public’s perception of spending money to celebrate a retiring employee’s public service may be very different than that of the employee’s colleagues and public officials. And public perceptions may vary based on the local community standards.
This is a classic “right versus right” ethical dilemma in which local officials must weigh competing right values. On one side of the equation is the “right” value of recognizing employees’ longstanding and skillful public service. On the other is the “right” value of being prudent stewards of scarce taxpayer resources and the public’s perceptions that these resources are being wisely used.
One way of balancing these values is to ask whether it might cause embarrassment if the details or amount of the agency’s funding of the recognition were to appear on the front page of the local newspaper (keeping in mind that the newspaper may not balance its coverage with a discussion of the importance of recognizing long-standing public service and promoting employee morale). If so, you may want to think about scaling back or reconsider using public resources. Also, there may be less concern if the public agency contribution to the event is in-kind — such as the use of a public agency facility — rather than an actual appropriation of public funds.
The goal is for the celebration’s focus to be on the contributions of the employee, not a controversy about a potential public perception that too much money was spent.
Gift-Related Concerns
An alternative to using public funds to pay the costs of the retirement event is to seek private funding, including contributions from the employee’s colleagues and members of the local community. Although funding the event solely through such private donations eliminates any objections to the use of public funds for the event, this approach raises its own set of issues, particularly if the event will include the presentation of gifts to the retiring employee.
Two aspects of state law restrictions on gifts are particularly relevant to retirement celebrations:
- Public officials generally may not receive gifts from a single source in a calendar year that total more than $420 in value;7 and
- Public officials must disclose gifts from a single source that total $50 or more during the previous 12 months; in the case of a retiring official, those gifts would have to be disclosed on his or her “leaving office” statement of economic interests.8
The rules governing the receipt of gifts are complex, and your agency attorney should be consulted about how they apply in a given situation. With that caution in mind, these rules raise a number of considerations to take into account.
One consideration is timing. As a general matter, if the retirement event and receipt of gifts occur after the employee leaves public service (and the employee is not aware of the donors’ gift before the event), the gift rules do not apply.9 If those who benefited from decisions in which the employee was involved provide lavish gifts to the former employee, the analysis then becomes one of public perception.
If the retiring employee receives the gift prior to leaving public service, the gift limit and reporting rules apply. A special rule applies if the gift is from multiple donors. If the value of the gift is $50 or more, the public official must report the gift on his leaving office statement and must describe in general terms who gave the gift.10 If the share of any single donor of the gift is $50 or more, the official must report that donor’s name.11
The retiring official also needs to determine whether he must report his proportionate share of the cost of the event.12 This involves dividing the cost of the event (for example, the cost of food, beverages and entertainment) by the number of people attending. If this individual cost is $50 or more (by itself or in combination with other gifts from the event’s organizers), then it must be reported.
If an agency chooses the private funding option for retirement celebrations, someone should be assigned to keep track of the value of the proposed gifts and pro rata share of the cost of the event to make sure that all the gift reporting and gift limit requirements are kept in mind. It is especially important to let potential contributors know about the $420 gift limit. You don’t want the retiring employee’s last days in public service to be taken up with completing his leaving office statement or determining how to gracefully deal with a gift in excess of the $420 limit. (For more information about the gift limit and reporting rules, visit www.ca-ilg.org/gifts.)
As always, considering the legal limits is just the first step. As with any fundraising endeavor, it is important to consider from whom funds are sought. No one should be made to feel that he or she must contribute to the celebration in order to remain in the agency’s good graces. In particular, don’t ask anyone who has current matters, such as a permit application or contract, pending with the agency. (For more about ethical and legal issues related to fundraising, see www.ca-ilg.org/fundraising).
Because of the legal and ethical issues that can accompany private funding, many agencies opt for modest events in which every attendee pays his or her own way and makes a small contribution to a gift to the retiring official. This enables many people to participate in the event, while avoiding any controversy about how its costs are paid.
Conclusion
Honoring a public employee who has dedicated his or her career to public service is a very worthy goal. The key is to be aware of both the legal and public perception issues that arise when planning such celebrations.
A Question of Morale and Fairness
If an agency uses its resources in connection with a retirement event for a particular employee, it should recognize that it may be setting a precedent for other long-term employees who will be retiring in the coming months and years. One of the important public purposes served by such celebrations is improving employee morale. However, if staff has the impression that an agency plays favorites in honoring employees who are retiring, such celebrations may do more harm than good. To avoid inconsistencies, some public agencies adopt policies specifying which level of recognition accompanies how many years of service.
New Rules Related to Public Agencies and Gifts
Some officials may wonder if the gift limit and reporting rules might apply differently in the case of a retirement celebration because people would be donating funds to the retiring official’s agency to pay for the event and a gift. Doesn’t that mean that their gift is to the agency and not the official? Doesn’t that mean that the gift is not reportable?
First, keep in mind that gifts to public agencies are now just as reportable as gifts to individuals — the agency must publicly report, among other things, information about the value of the gift, information about the gift-giver and how the gift was used.13
In addition, a gift that ultimately benefits an individual is presumed to be a gift to that individual (and must be reported as such) unless certain criteria are satisfied. One of these criteria is that the donor of the gift may not designate by name, title or class who receives the payment.14 If the agency, in essence, solicits gifts for a retiring official, it will be hard to argue that the beneficiary of the gift was not somehow predetermined. And if part of the retirement gift involves travel, the gift is reportable by the official, not the agency.15
The Fair Political Practices Commission has recently adopted a number of changes to the gift regulations designed to close loopholes. These new regulations will be analyzed in the April 2009 “Everyday Ethics” article.16
Finally, of course, whenever you find yourself closely parsing the language of ethics laws and regulations, it can be helpful to take a step back and ask what approach is most consistent with what the public expects of the agency and its officials. Doing everything in a way that is as above board and transparent as possible is always the safest and most ethical approach.
About Resolutions and Plaques
Sometimes people organizing retirement celebrations will encourage attendees to bring resolutions and plaques attesting to the honoree’s contributions to the community and profession. Are thesereportable as gifts? As long as they are worth $250 or less, they are exempt from the gift reporting requirements for personalized plaques and trophies.17
Consider the honoree’s preferences about these kinds of gestures. Some find it quite meaningful to have their accomplishments documented in this fashion, while others may have trouble finding places to display such tributes or already have too many to adequately showcase.
Footnotes:
[1] See Cal. Const. art. XVI, § 6 (“nor shall it [the Legislature] have power to make any gift or authorize the making of any gift, of any public money or thing of value to any individual, municipal or other corporation whatever; . . .”). See also Jordan v. California Dept. of Motor Vehicles, 100 Cal.App.4th 431, 450, 123 Cal.Rptr.2d 122, 136-137 (2002) (finding gift of public funds); Albright v. City of South San Francisco, 44 Cal. App. 3d 866, 870, 118 Cal. Rptr. 901, 902 (1975) (making the connection between council member expenses and the prohibitions against a gift of public funds). Although the prohibition is directed to the Legislature, the courts’ theory is that because general law cities, counties and special districts derive much of their authority from the Legislature, such local agencies also do not have the power to make gifts of public funds.
[2] California Housing Finance Agency v. Elliot, 17 Cal. 3d 575, 552 P.2d 1193 (1976); City and County of San Francisco v. Patterson, 202 Cal.App.3d 95, 103-104, 248 Cal.Rptr. 290, 295 (1988).
[3] Cal. Gov’t Code § 8314(a).
[4] Cal. Gov’t Code § 8314(b)(1).
[5] See Jarvis v. Cory, 28 Cal.3d 562, 620
P.2d 598 (1980). In that case, the California Supreme Court
upheld a determination by the Legislature to grant lump sum
compensation to state employees for work already performed,
against a claim that the additional compensation constituted a
gift of public funds in violation of the Constitution. In doing
so, the court deferred to the Legislature’s finding that the
appropriation was necessary to ensure the continued recruitment
and retention of qualified employees.
The same public purpose is served by expending funds to honor the
long service of retiring employees. A decision by the governing
body to approve an expenditure for this purpose demonstrates that
the agency values the public service of its employees and
officials, which in turn benefits employee morale, and the
recruitment and retention of valuable employees.
[6] Sturgeon v. County of Los Angeles, 167 Cal.App.4th 630, 84 Cal.Rptr.3d 242, 248 (2008)
[7] See Cal. Gov’t Code § 89503; 2 Cal. Code Regs. § 18940.2.
[8] Cal. Gov’t Code §§ 87204, 87207(a)(1); 2 Cal. Code Regs. §§ 18722(b), 18730.
[9] See 2 Cal. Code Regs. § 18941 (gift is received or accepted when recipient knows that he has either actual possession of the gift or takes any action exercising control over it).
[10] Cal. Gov’t Code § 87207(a)(1).
[11] 2 Cal. Code Regs. § 18945.4.
[12] 2 Cal. Code Regs. § 18946.2.
[13] See 2 Cal. Code Regs. § 18944.2(c)(3).
[14] See 2 Cal. Code Regs. § 18944.2(c)(1).
[15] See 2 Cal. Code Regs. § 18944.2(d)(1).
[16] See 2 Cal. Code Regs. § 18944.3 and 18944.1.
[17] See Cal. Gov’t Code § 82028(b)(6).
This article appears in the February 2009 issue of Western
City
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