Workplace Protections for Transgender Employees
Gage C. Dungy is a partner with the law firm of Liebert Cassidy Whitmore and can be reached at gdungy@lcwlegal.com.
Legal protections for transgender individuals have been in place in California since 2003, but have recently been garnering increased attention. Transgender is an umbrella term used to describe individuals whose gender identity and/or gender expression differs from what is typically associated with their assigned sex at birth. A person’s gender identity, gender expression and transgender status are expressly protected in the workplace under California’s Fair Employment and Housing Act (FEHA)1, and employers need to be prepared to enforce such protections.
This article outlines the legal protections for transgender individuals in the workplace, recent guidance on transgender issues in the workplace and new legal developments expanding the use of single-user restrooms to all genders under California law.
Gender Identity and Gender Expression: Protected Classifications
FEHA bans discrimination on the basis of “sex, gender, gender identity [and] gender expression.”2Since 2003, the definition of sex discrimination under FEHA has been expanded to include discrimination on the basis of a person’s gender identity or gender-related appearance or behavior. In 2012, the California Legislature also enacted the Gender Nondiscrimination Act to expressly define “gender identity” and add “gender expression” as a protected classification to FEHA. Gender identity refers to a person’s self-identification as male, female, a gender different from the person’s sex at birth, or transgender.3 Gender expression is defined by law to mean a “person’s gender-related appearance and behavior whether or not stereotypically associated with the person’s assigned sex at birth”4 — for example, an employee of the male sex who wears make-up and clothing traditionally worn by women or behaves in a manner more commonly associated with women. As a result, California law protects transgender persons — as well as persons undergoing gender transition — from discrimination, harassment and retaliation in the workplace.
State Guidance on Transgender Rights in the Workplace
Although transgender rights have been protected under FEHA for the past 14 years, the application of such protections has not always been clear. In February 2016, the California Department of Fair Employment and Housing (DFEH)5 issued new guidance on transgender rights in the workplace, titled Transgender Rights in the Workplace: FAQ for Employers (DFEH FAQ), which identifies two kinds of gender transition:
- Social transition, where an individual “socially align[s]” their gender with their “internal sense of self” — for example, by changing their name, pronoun or bathroom facility usage; and
- Physical transition, where an individual undergoes medical treatments “to physically align their body with internal sense of self” — for example, by hormone therapies or surgical procedures.
The DFEH FAQ also clarifies that the FEHA transgender protections apply regardless of an individual’s state of gender transition, stating: “A transgender person does not need to complete any particular step in a gender transition … to be protected by the law. An employer may not condition its treatment or accommodation of a transitioning employee on completion of a particular step in the transition.”
In addition, the DFEH FAQ provides guidance to employers on impermissible inquiries, dress code and grooming standards, and restrooms and locker rooms, as follows.
Impermissible Inquiries
Employers should not ask questions designed to detect a job applicant’s sexual orientation or gender identity, including asking about his or her marital status, spouse’s name or relation of household members to one another.
Employers should not ask questions about a person’s body or whether they plan to have surgery, because this information is generally protected by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPPA).
Dress Code and Grooming Standards
While employers are still allowed to have and enforce reasonable dress code policies, a transgender person must be allowed to dress in the same manner as a nontransgender person of the same sex or gender. For example, employers must allow a transgender employee who is presenting as a male to dress in the same manner as a nontransgender man.
A transgender person’s compliance with a dress code cannot be judged more harshly than that of a nontransgender person.
Restrooms and Locker Rooms
All employees have a right to safe and appropriate restroom and locker room facilities. This includes the right to use a restroom or locker room that corresponds to the employee’s gender identity, regardless of the employee’s assigned sex at birth.
Where possible, an employer should provide an easily accessible unisex single-user restroom for use by any employee who desires increased privacy, regardless of the underlying reason. Employees who do not wish to share a restroom with a transgender co-worker can use this type of restroom.
Use of a unisex single-user restroom should always be a matter of choice. No employee should be forced to use one either as a matter of policy or due to continuing harassment in a gender-designated facility.
Federal Guidance
Although federal law is in a state of transition under the new administration, numerous federal agencies have also provided guidance on issues pertaining to transgender workers. Examples include the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission’s (EEOC) brochure titled Preventing Employment Discrimination Against LGBT Workers,6 the Department of Labor’s Best Practices: A Guide to Restroom Access for Transgender Workers,7 and a Department of Justice legal memorandum titled “Treatment of Transgender Employment Discrimination Claims.”8
Although not expressly stated under Title VII of the federal Civil Rights Act of 1964, the EEOC has interpreted the provision that prohibits discrimination “based on sex” to also include sexual orientation and gender identity.9 Similar to the DFEH FAQ, the EEOC provides the following guidance to employers regarding transgender rights in the workplace under federal law:
- Denying an employee equal access to a common restroom corresponding to the employee’s gender identity is sex discrimination;
- An employer cannot condition this right on the employee undergoing or providing proof of surgery or any other medical procedure; and
- An employer cannot avoid the requirement to provide equal access to a common restroom by restricting a transgender employee to a single-user restroom instead (though the employer can make a single-user restroom available to all employees who might choose to use it).10
However, it is unclear whether the new administration will modify any of this federal guidance.
New California Legislation on Single-User Restrooms
On a related issue involving transgender access to restrooms, the California Legislature enacted and Gov. Jerry Brown signed into law Assembly Bill 1732 (Ting, Chapter 818, Statutes of 2016), effective March 1, 2017.11 This new law requires all single-user toilet facilities (rooms with a toilet and/or urinal and sink) in any business establishment, place of public accommodation or state or local government agency to be identified as all-gender toilet facilities. The purpose of this law is to allow single-user occupancy restrooms to be convenient, fair and equally accessible for everybody. Employers should immediately designate single-user restrooms as “all gender” to comply with this new law if they have not already done so.
Conclusion
The issues related to employees who are transgender or transitioning are complex and evolving. The DFEH FAQ serves as a reminder to California employers, including cities, that FEHA protects transgender employees and those employees who may not be transgender but do not comport with traditional or stereotypical gender roles. Furthermore, a transgender person does not need to have sex reassignment surgery or complete any particular step in a gender transition to be protected by the law.
The DFEH’s enforcement message is clear — employers should avoid discriminatory conduct, apply workplace rules consistently and accommodate transgender employees with respect to their gender identity and expression.
Employers should therefore be prepared to address issues presented by transgender employees in the ever-evolving workplace. Employers should ensure that their policies and practices are updated to include transgender protections in accordance with California law. Furthermore, employers must communicate with, train and educate supervisors, managers and all employees regarding such policies. Legal counsel can help formulate workplace policies and procedures and bring cities into compliance in this area.
Footnotes:
[1] Cal. Govt. Code, § 12940.
[2] Cal. Govt. Code, § 12940.
[3] Dept. of Fair Employment and Housing v. American Pacific Corp., 2014 WL 2178570 (Cal.Super.), 3.
[4] Cal. Govt. Code, § 12926®(2).
[5] http://www.dfeh.ca.gov/files/2016/09/DFEH163TGR.pdf
[6] http://www.eeoc.gov/eeoc/publications/upload/preventing_discrimination_lgbt.pdf
[7] https://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3795.pdf
[8] https://www.justice.gov/file/188671/download
[9] Although Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (“Title VII”) does not expressly refer to gender identity or gender expression, federal courts have recognized discrimination on the basis of failure to conform to sex stereotypes as a viable theory under Title VII.
[10] https://www.eeoc.gov/eeoc/publications/fs-bathroom-access-transgender.cfm
[11] Cal. Health & Saf. Code, § 118600.
Photo credits: ExFlow/Shutterstock.com (graphic); Juli_Ash/Shutterstock.com (employees)
About Legal Notes
This column is provided as general information and not as legal advice. The law is constantly evolving, and attorneys can and do disagree about what the law requires. Local agencies interested in determining how the law applies in a particular situation should consult their local agency attorneys.
This article appears in the April 2017 issue of
Western City
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